Scientific publications

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Summary

Génériques, an association for the memory of imigration history in France, has developed a website dedicated to resources about this subject (description, digitized documents). A sociological study puts forward some ways of understanding the appropriation of this website by different types of users: researchers, librarians, persons interested by the topic.

Summary

In Russia the centenary of the First World War was state-organized and state-sponsored. This was the first official nation-scale commemoration ever since the end of that war. The ambition of the officials was to impose a new vision of the role of Russia in the War. Russia is ambivalently presented as a victim and as a victor. The conflict in the Ukraine contributed to accentuate anti-occidental, “patriotic” and militaristic trends that had been already manifest in the cultural policy. A sociological research was conducted in museums in 2014 in order to understand, to what extent the commemorative context determined the activities of cultural institutions and the perception of the events by the public. The majority of museums’ activities contributed to complexify the presentation of the war history and the message of the state. If the perception of the war history by the visitors is greatly influenced by mass-media, their appreciation of each museum exhibit is mediated much more by their personal experience.

Summary

Based on an investigation about the public of six French exhibitions dedicated to First World War, the present paper studies the different mechanisms of viewing history, mechanisms confronted with civic expectations placed in these commemorations. Analyzing individual behaviour and speech, it asks the relation between the public and commemoration into the museum and makes propositions in order to understanding social appropriation of the past.

Summary

This article aims to understand the online uses of documents digitized by heritage institutions. Based on a mapping of the relations between the websites dedicated to the Great War, on the study of a discussion forum and on the analysis of the online dissemination of a photographic collection, the article reconstructs the role of “amateur” networks, slightly connected to the institutional world, in the circulation of patrimonial funds.

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Summary

Objectives

In Southeast (SE) Arabia, agriculture is supposed to expand around 3000 BC, but its tempo and its actual role in populations' subsistence is still debated by archaeologists. Here, we compare dental health conditions of 11 skeletal samples from coastal and inland sites, dated from the Late Neolithic (ca. 4500–3100 BC) to the Early Bronze Age (EBA), conventionally divided into Hafit (ca. 3100–2700 BC) and Umm an-Nar period (ca. 2700–2000 BC). The goal is to assess long-term trends in subsistence patterns and regional variability during the local transition to agriculture.

Methods

Seven indicators of oral health and childhood stress were analyzed, including dental wear, calculus, caries, alveolar resorption, periapical lesions, ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL), and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH).

Results

Neolithic coastal populations are globally characterized by high dental wear, high calculus frequency, high LEH frequency, and frequent periodontal disease, whereas they exhibit low abscesses and AMTL frequencies and a total absence of carious lesions. Samples from the Hafit period present high dental wear, low rates of calculus and LEH, frequent periodontal disease, combined with low abscess and AMTL frequencies and absence of caries. By contrast, samples from the Umm an-Nar period exhibit much lower dental wear, calculus and LEH rates, whereas caries, periapical lesions and AMTL frequencies increase significantly. Marked differences were observed between coastal and inland Umm an-Nar groups, the latter presenting significantly higher frequencies of caries, periapical lesions, alveolar resorption and AMTL.

Discussion/Conclusion

Oral conditions from the Neolithic coastal populations denote a diet mainly composed of unprocessed and abrasive food, with high protein and low carbohydrate intakes, and frequent stress episodes. Although Hafit populations display some changes in oral pathologies, which indicate modifications in their lifestyle and a diversification of the diet, no markers of high carbohydrate intakes were observed in our samples. The impact of agriculture on oral health appears clearly only from the Umm an-Nar period, and is more intense inland than on the coast, where marine resources are still a main component of the diet.

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Summary

The history of museums in Iran began in the second half of the nineteenth century and experienced its most significant phase in the 1930s, when the Mūze-ye Irān-e Bāstān, the national archaeological museum designed by the French architect André Godard (1881–1965), was inaugurated. Located in Teheran, the emblematic monument incarnates a period of modernisation and exacerbated nationalism during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–41). The Godard collection, kept in the Musée du Louvre, teaches us about the memorial and patrimonial policies established in Iran between 1928 and 1960 and whose mark is still tangible today.

Summary

Las víctimas de violencia política sueñan con la venganza. ¿Quién lo imaginaría? ¿Qué más puede desearse después de haber sido envilecido, aterrorizado, desposeído de cuanto se tenía y de lo que se era, después de saber que sus parientes fueron torturados, asesinados y sus cuerpos “desaparecidos”, o después de haber padecido uno mismo la tortura y la degradación? Vengarse de quien nos ha hecho sufrir se revela como una pulsión universal del individuo. “Revenge […] is a universal phenomenon […] much revenge behavior is impulsive, conceived and executed in the rage of the moment” (Elster 1990, 862). En contextos donde siguen conviviendo quienes han ejecutado y padecido una violencia extrema —como suele ocurrir después de represiones, guerras civiles o genocidios—, este apetito de venganza puede parecer legítimo para algunos, mientras que para otros aparece como una amenaza que se debe encauzar. Quienes en particular intervienen en el seno de organizaciones internacionales cuando un conflicto llega a su fin piensan a menudo que es necesario luchar contra la voluntad de venganza de las víctimas. Temen las consecuencias que puedan tener tales represalias —que se presumen desestabilizadoras— en el nuevo marco político.

Documents

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